Why Is Economics Called the Dismal Science

If youve ever studied economics, youve probably heard at some point that economics is referred to as the dismal science. Granted, economists arent always the most upbeat bunch of people, but is that really why the phrase came about? Origin of the Phrase Dismal Science to Describe Economics As it turns out, the phrase has been around since the mid-19th century, and it was coined by historian Thomas Carlyle. At the time, the skills required for writing poetry were referred to as the gay science, so Carlyle decided to call economics the dismal science as a clever turn of phrase. The popular belief is that Carlyle started using the phrase in response to the dismal prediction of 19th-century reverend and scholar Thomas Malthus, who forecasted that the rate of growth in the food supply as compared to the rate of the growth in population would result in mass starvation. (Luckily for us, Malthus assumptions regarding technological progress were overly, well, dismal, and such mass starvation never transpired.) While Carlyle did use the word dismal in reference to Malthus findings, he didnt use the phrase dismal science until his 1849 work Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question. In this piece, Carlyle argued that reintroducing (or continuing) slavery would be morally superior to relying on the market forces of supply and demand, and he labeled the profession of economists who disagreed with him, most notably John Stuart Mill, as the dismal science, since Carlyle believed that the emancipation of slaves would leave them worse off. (This prediction has also turned out to be incorrect, of course.)

Essay on Mexicans in America During the Great Depression

While many remember the Great Depression as a time of terrible trials for Americans, few understand the hardships faced by Mexicans and Mexican Americans in the U.S. This paper examines the experiences of Mexicans in America during the Great Depression and explores the devastating impact of repatriation efforts. America has an extensive history of accepting Mexican workers when they are needed for cheap labor, and demanding that they be deported when the economic situation is more precarious in an attempt to open jobs for Americans. In the 1930s, â€Å"Americans, reeling from the economic disorientation of the depression, sought a convenient scapegoat. They found it in the Mexican community.† Mexicans were blamed for economic hardships†¦show more content†¦However, it failed to take into account what would become of the Mexican workers who were removed from their jobs. Mr. Doak, the Secretary of Labor, confirmed the necessity of this method of job creation as he claimed â€Å"more than 1100 aliens have been deported from New York City alone since the middle of January. More than half of these deportations created jobs for unemployed Americans.† While sending Mexicans back to their country opened up jobs for Americans, it also meant that Mexicans could no longer support themselves and their families. In 1933 in Los Angeles County, 12,600 Mexican families were on welfare. Often heads of households were deported leaving family members behind. Some Americans questioned the true cost savings of deporting Mexicans, and â€Å"One study indicated that if 1,200 aliens were deported, they would leave behind 1,418 dependents who would be eligible for public welfare.† In some cases, parents were not U.S. citizens but there children were, and consequently the parents were deported while the children were allowed to stay. 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Infection Control And Prevention Practices †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Infection Control And Prevention Practices. Answer: Introduction Infection control and prevention practices are essential for maintaining safe environment for all patients. The procedure helps in reducing risks of potential disease spread from an infected person to a healthy person (Tacconelli et al. 2014). Infection control practices are primarily designed with the aim of reducing risks of hospital acquired or nosocomial infections, and for ensuring a healthy and safe hospital environment for the health care providers patients and visitors. This infection control practices help in preventing spread of microorganism from patient to staff members or other patients (Rosenthal et al. 2013). It is selected as the research topic as it is imperative to health practices and forms the primary component of different invasive procedures, which are administered upon patients in hospital settings. Reason for undertaking research The research activity on infection control practices has been undertaken to improve existing knowledge and awareness. Hospital hygiene has gained much publicity, including concerns of the patients about their safety while being admitted in hospital. This has contributed to making infection control a topic of major research interest in clinical practice, as well as in the community and media. Nursing and health-science students are the frontlines of clinical practice, which in turn increases the risks of acquiring infections (Stone et al. 2012). This exposure to infectious disease is therefore regarded as a major occupational hazard. Therefore, there is a need to create provisions for training programs and knowledge based activities that will provide nurses and other healthcare professionals with relevant information on protecting themselves as well as the patients from different pathogens. Hence, improvement of knowledge on preventing spread of infectious disease is of paramount impo rtance in nursing practice. The research activity will help me in increasing and strengthening my awareness on the appropriate nursing standards needed for infection control, thereby facilitating enhancement of my professional development and clinical practice. Research question The research question is given below- Is hand hygiene practice beneficial in preventing hospital acquired infection? Research objective To establish effectiveness of hand washing practices, in infection control, across healthcare settings. Another discipline that can be associated to this research activity includes medical staff that is exposed to all kinds of body fluids. Several physicians staff and medical residents are subjected to occupational exposure when there occurs a laceration, scratch, splash, or prolonged contact, with broken skin that involve body fluids and blood, containing potentially infectious material (Butsashvili et al. 2012). Such fluids mainly include peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, amniotic fluid, saliva, synovial fluid, semen, and vaginal secretions, and may contain harmful pathogens for Hepatitis and HIV (Mashoto et al. 2013). Sources Two sources that will be utilized to gather information on relevant articles related to infection control are as follows: Cochrane Library- https://www.cochranelibrary.com/ PubMed- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Methodology Relevant information will be collected by searching articles from the above mentioned to sources. Information will also be collected from infection control and hand hygiene guidelines proposed by the World Health Organisation. These guidelines will help in acquiring and accurate description of the procedures that should be followed while performing hand washing. Furthermore, the infection control guidelines will also provide a better understanding on the rates of surgical site or healthcare associated infections in hospital settings, and strategies that should be adopted for strengthening infection prevention and outbreak. The research question is specific and comprehensive. Searching relevant literature will involve use of specific key words that will assist in retrieving articles that are valid, and relevant to the question. Keywords such as infection control, infection prevention, hygiene, hospital infection, nosocomial, hand wash, hand hygiene will be used, in addition to boolean operators OR, AND, and NOT. These boolean operators will exclude a relevant or and publish articles. Systematic review will be considered relevant for the research activity due to the fact that these reviews contain critically relevant information from multiple research articles, and will facilitate a better understanding of appropriate and effective hand hygiene techniques. The review will also help in general icing the findings and can be implemented in actual nursing practice. Systematic approach A systematic review was conducted to evaluate effectiveness of hand hygiene techniques in reducing community transmission of acute respiratory tract infection and influenza. The research focused on identifying community studies that examines effects of hand hygiene exposure, on risks of developing these infections. It carried out an exhaustive research of relevant articles from several databases such as Medline, Embase, Global Health, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Two authors were involved on retrieving relevant articles after determining their eligibility, related to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. 16 articles were included for the final review. Results from the review established the fact that laboratory confirmed influenza rate was lower among people, who received hand hygiene intervention, upon comparison with control. Another study reported similar findings that there was a significant reduction in rates of influenza A, in the intervention group. Another clustered randomised trial included in the review suggested significant reduction in rates of breathing difficulty and cough among children, subjected to the intervention technique. Although some articles did not show significant effects of hand hygiene procedures in rates of influenza and respiratory infection, the entire systematic review was able to provide moderate to high quality evidence that hand hygiene is positively correlated with a large reduction in infection rate in domestic and institutional settings (Warren?Gash, Fragaszy and Hayward 2013). A randomised trial determined the impacts of five moments for hand hygiene educational intervention on patients. The trial was based on previous studies that showed improve access to hand hygiene products were effective in increasing the practice among patients, and health care personal. The researchers hypothesized the fact that patients are willing to perform hand hygiene practices when their healthcare personnel provided nonverbal reminders on its importance. The research was conducted on four medical surgical wards, by randomising patients to the intervention and control group. The researchers focused on five moments for the hand hygiene model, which were, before and after touching the devices or wounds, before eating, after using rest room, while entering and leaving the room, and when a healthcare personal entered the room. All participants were provided with bottles of hand sanitizer that contained a push stop dispensing device, placed on bedside table. Moreover, the intervent ion group was also given education by members of the study team, unlike the control group, and was questioned on their willingness to perform hand hygiene practices. Use of hand sanitizer by the patients were also measured by weighing them its afternoon for consecutive three days, or until it was discharged. Frequency of hand hygiene practices was also measured, followed by conduction of a student t-test and fisher test to compare weight of sanitizer, and frequency of the practice for each group. Result findings suggested no difference in baseline characteristics of the two groups. However, the intervention group was found to use hand sanitizer more than the control group. Upon entry of the personnel, the intervention group displayed better hand hygiene practices on day 1. Therefore, the study demonstrated and effectiveness of the five moments and hygiene model in improving hand hygiene practices performance among patients in a hospital setting (Rai et al. 2017). Another report focused on providing a details description of the planning and implementation procedures related to use of hand hygiene dispensing system in healthcare facilities in Canada. The report focused on the fact that hand hygiene products that include hand lotion, soap, and alcohol-based hand rub, are ubiquitous across all Healthcare facilities in Canada and the United States. It recognised the need of transition due to potential cost savings, superior quality of product, dispenser compatibility, electronic hand hygiene monitoring systems, and advanced dispensing systems. The planning strategies included evaluation of the options that were available for hand hygiene practices. The researchers identified five criteria that were imperative to its evaluation, such as, cost, standardization, serviceability, quality and safety. They also focused on the importance of skin tolerability, efficacy and experience of the users. Moreover, the planning strategies illustrated important sta ff this practices in mental health settings. Free dispenser availability and their compatibility with electronic systems were also considered essential for improving compliance to these practices. Linking groups with the purchasing organisation and engaging essentials stakeholders in the practice were also recognised as important steps. The group purchasing organisations were considered because they conduct exhaustive clinical reviews on deciding products and technologies that will be made available. Implementation strategies focused on appropriate storage and staging areas where the bulk of the sanitisers and dispensers would be kept, followed by their proper installation, disposal and an effective education program to help the users understand their use. The report suggested that the aforementioned procedures would be successful in generating leftovers talk of old HHPs (Amirov, Candon and Jacob 2017). A three-year interrupted time series study that focused on sequential interventions and a post intervention follow-up period for one year assessed impact of hospital right hand hygiene initiatives on nosocomial infections. The study focused on the fact that healthcare professionals often demonstrated a failure to clean and wash their hands on a regular basis, which contributed to increase rates of hospital-acquired infections. It conducted multifaceted improvement initiatives in a 383-bed teaching hospital, in New Hampshire. The initiative was formed as a part of the hospital infection prevention program, following an approval from the Institution Review Board. Five overarching areas were identified for hand hygiene practices. The researchers emphasize on importance of hand hygiene with the help of leaders at all organisation levels for preventing patient and healthcare professional heart. Hand hygiene audits were initiated at all units and surveillance was conducted on a monthly bas is. The study also emphasised on availability of hand sanitizer across all units, and developed an electronic learning video and training module for educating the dancing stuff on hand hygiene. It also focused on marketing strategies for increasing awareness on infection prevention. The monthly changes were observed in rates of infection and hand hygiene compliance among the healthcare workers. Significant improvements were observed in hand hygiene compliance during the initiative, which further increased, during the follow up period. Nurses were found to demonstrate more compliance when compared to physicians. Thus, the initiative was able to create significant reduction in infection rates (Kirkland et al. 2012). Comparison A comparison of the aforementioned randomised controlled trial and the report are given in the appendix. Conclusion- To conclude, it can be stated that nosocomial infections occur due to spread of viral bacterial and fungal pathogens that are commonly found among patients, who receive treatment in intensive care units. An analysis of the findings helped in drawing the conclusion that following appropriate hand washing technique and guidelines, and providing appropriate training on their uses, will significantly help in controlling rates of infection. It will prevent bacterial colonization, thereby reducing infection. Impact Nurses should be well placed for promoting appropriate and hashing techniques and practice, and should follow the guidelines, for influencing cultural changes and their organisation. They should take precautionary steps while washing their skin before and after handling all sorts of blood, body fluids or surgical instruments (Huis et al. 2013). Failure to attend proper hand hygiene, may lead to adverse consequences on the quality of life, of the patients, as well as the Healthcare professionals (Loveday et al. 2014). Use The information collected will be used in workplace for making nursing staff and other healthcare professional show compliance to the recommended guidelines. Hand washing products and dispensers will be made easily available for the patients and the staff, to reduce hospital acquired infections (Simmons et al. 2013). Reflection The research activity help me understand that infection control should be considered as the utmost priority in healthcare settings. I understood that the nursing staff are expected to ensure adherence to good infection control practices, for reducing or eliminating all kinds of risk factors that can be detrimental to the health of their clients of themselves. Issues There is a need to conduct extensive research on impacts of education and training program in improving awareness of nursing staff and patients, for infection control (Kelckova, Skodova and Straka 2012). References Amirov, C.M., Candon, H.L. and Jacob, L., 2017. Making change easy: A peer-to-peer guide on transitioning to new hand hygiene products.American journal of infection control,45(1), pp.46-50. Butsashvili, M., Kamkamidze, G., Kajaia, M., Morse, D.L., Triner, W., Dehovitz, J. and McNutt, L.A., 2012. Occupational exposure to body fluids among health care workers in Georgia.Occupational medicine,62(8), pp.620-626. Huis, A., Schoonhoven, L., Grol, R., Donders, R., Hulscher, M. and van Achterberg, T., 2013. Impact of a team and leaders-directed strategy to improve nurses adherence to hand hygiene guidelines: a cluster randomised trial.International journal of nursing studies,50(4), pp.464-474. Kelckova, S., Skodova, Z. and Straka, S., 2012. Effectiveness of hand hygiene education in a basic nursing school curricula.Public Health Nursing,29(2), pp.152-159. Kirkland, K.B., Homa, K.A., Lasky, R.A., Ptak, J.A., Taylor, E.A. and Splaine, M.E., 2012. Impact of a hospital-wide hand hygiene initiative on healthcare-associated infections: results of an interrupted time series.BMJ Qual Saf, pp.qhc-2012. Loveday, H.P., Wilson, J., Pratt, R.J., Golsorkhi, M., Tingle, A., Bak, A., Browne, J., Prieto, J. and Wilcox, M., 2014. epic3: national evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS hospitals in England.Journal of Hospital Infection,86, pp.S1-S70. Mashoto, K.O., Mubyazi, G.M., Mohamed, H. and Malebo, H.M., 2013. Self-reported occupational exposure to HIV and factors influencing its management practice: a study of healthcare workers in Tumbi and Dodoma Hospitals, Tanzania.BMC health services research,13(1), p.276. Rai, H., Knighton, S., Zabarsky, T.F. and Donskey, C.J., 2017. A randomized trial to determine the impact of a 5 moments for patient hand hygiene educational intervention on patient hand hygiene.American journal of infection control,45(5), pp.551-553. Rosenthal, V.D., Richtmann, R., Singh, S., Apisarnthanarak, A., Kbler, A., Viet-Hung, N., Ramrez-Wong, F.M., Portillo-Gallo, J.H., Toscani, J., Gikas, A. and Dueas, L., 2013. Surgical site infections, International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 30 countries, 20052010.Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology,34(6), pp.597-604. Simmons, S., Morgan, M., Hopkins, T., Helsabeck, K., Stachowiak, J. and Stibich, M., 2013. Impact of a multi-hospital intervention utilising screening, hand hygiene education and pulsed xenon ultraviolet (PX-UV) on the rate of hospital associated meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection.Journal of Infection Prevention,14(5), pp.172-174. Stone, S.P., Fuller, C., Savage, J., Cookson, B., Hayward, A., Cooper, B., Duckworth, G., Michie, S., Murray, M., Jeanes, A. and Roberts, J., 2012. Evaluation of the national Cleanyourhands campaign to reduce Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia and Clostridium difficile infection in hospitals in England and Wales by improved hand hygiene: four year, prospective, ecological, interrupted time series study.Bmj,344, p.e3005. Tacconelli, E., Cataldo, M.A., Dancer, S.J., Angelis, G., Falcone, M., Frank, U., Kahlmeter, G., Pan, A., Petrosillo, N., Rodrguez?Bao, J. and Singh, N., 2014. ESCMID guidelines for the management of the infection control measures to reduce transmission of multidrug?resistant Gram?negative bacteria in hospitalized patients.Clinical Microbiology and Infection,20(s1), pp.1-55. Warren?Gash, C., Fragaszy, E. and Hayward, A.C., 2013. Hand hygiene to reduce community transmission of influenza and acute respiratory tract infection: a systematic review.Influenza and other respiratory viruses,7(5), pp.738-749.

Personal and Managerial Effectiveness

Question: Write an essay on Personal and Managerial Effectiveness. Answer: Introduction In recent times, where many companies are looking for effective measures for better productivity and profitability, managing authorities emphasize on economic globalization and workforce diversity for achieving that objective (Barak 2013). Jonsen et al. (2013) also mentioned that diverse workforce can be attained through hiring individuals having a broad range of characteristics and experience. However, they characteristics ofworkforce diversity also include working personnel with different race, ethnicity, religion, ability and sexual orientation. Podsiadlowski et al. (2013) depicts that the primary advantage of workforce diversity in an organization shows their commitment to embrace cultural differences and traditions. Workforce diversity not only helps an organization towards globalization but it also fulfills the generational gaps by valuing every diverse culture. The major concern of this business report is to analyze the challenge that a manager faces in a diverse workforce. The report also highlights the benefits of effective diversity management within the organization. As a case study, the organization that is selected for this assignment is Tesco Plc. Tesco Plc. is a grocery and general merchandise retailerorganization that is headquartered in the United Kingdom. They have 6800 stores with 476,000 employees, who are serving millions of customers per week and workforce diversity plays a crucial role in the success of this organization (Tesco plc 2016). Literature review Workforce Diversity Diversity in workplace can be illustrated from the circumstance where an employee presents the difference in their culture, perspective, and knowledge and experience in their workplace. Thus, Harvey and Allard (2015) depicts that diversity can be classified into three categories- physical, cultural and socio-economic. Age, gender, race, appearance, color, cognitive style and personality are the physical characteristics that differ in every individual. Ethnic or national origin, marital/family status, sexual orientation, religion and language are the cultural aspects of diversity. Lastly, education, job function, profession and social class are the socio-economic diversity based on which diversity can be explained among the employee in a workplace. An organization must take appropriate steps so that every individual can work with equal pride within the workplace. Advantage of workforce diversity Better productivity Diverse workforce results in better creativity among the working personnel and they discuss their thinking and perspective with each other. Okoro and Washington (2012) also depicts that this sharing knowledge enhances the problem solving power and decision-making ability that helps in a better productive approach for the organization. In case of Tesco Plc. diversity in workplace helps the organization in communicating with diverse customers in the languages they are accustomed in order to gain more customer satisfaction. Increased adaptability Martn Alcazar et al. (2013) mentions that diverse workforce supply a greater variety of solutions to the sourcing and allocation of resources problems through their talents and experiences. This enables the organization to provide a broader service range on a global basis. On the contrary Wambui et al. (2013) illustrates that those organization which supports diversity in their workplace have the best employee, who are serving their best for better productivity. Retain talented workers According to Ryan and Wessel (2015), workforce diversification enhances the competitive edge for any organization and increases the loyalty towards the business procedures. It is evident that if employee gets desirable value in their workplace, the organization can retain their employees by treating them as a valuable asset for the company. Garnero et al. (2014) also depicts that in a diversified workplace overseas employee also gets attracted and join the organization that results in better productivity of their organization. In Tesco Plc the talent hunt is organized for better business outcome and also offer new job roles to talented employees so that they can get fair opportunity in the workplace. Disadvantage of workforce diversity Communication Workforce diversification has numerous advantages, but some disadvantages are also there that needs to be overcome for a better output. Byrd and Scott (2014) demonstrate that due to language and cultural difference some employees cannot communicate with the other people in the workplace as they lack in confidence how other will treat with them. (Saxena 2014) also depicts that some people discriminate other on religious dissimilarity and often harass them which result in low morale and poor work performance. Discrimination The Equality Act 2010 is an effective legislation in UK, which illustrates that every person of an organization should get the equal facility and chance to be in the organization (Council 2012). Some organization does not provide equal opportunities to racial and ethnic minorities group and offer them less salary for the same work compared to other native employees. () also illustrated that in some organization, employees who are physically challenged workers are forced to leave the work as they asked for more paid leaves than other employees. Sex Discrimination Act 1975, Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and Race Relations Act 1976 are some legislation that is regulated against such discrimination so that people with different ability can work with same pride (Widiss 2013). Resistance to change There are some employees in the organization those who refuse to accept the new workplace policies like workplace diversification. Malewar and Nair (2013) describes that these people often decline to work collaboratively and suppress their idea within themselves and behave ruthlessly with the new employees. Ryan and Wessel (2015) hence portrayed that in this way, not only the discipline of the workplace degrades but also the morale of another employee will be declined to a significant level. Implementation of diversity in the workplace Bond et al. (2014) portrays that planning for workforce diversification is difficult and it needs proper knowledge of the different culture of their employees. Standifer et al. (2013) also demonstrate that Tesco Plc hires experts like diversity advocates advice to formulate a plan for introducing new workplace policy that provides equal opportunity to all the employees in the workplace. Kinyanjui (2013) further illustrates that arrangements of resources, proper training classes for structuring and implementing a customized strategy is another difficulty for implementation of the workforce diversification within the organization. Diversity Management In order to facilitate the function of every department of the organization, providing training to the employee for accepting the diverse culture in the workplace is not enough. Managing the implemented workforce diversification organizational policies will is required. Truxillo et al. (2015) suggests that workforce diversity management can be achieved by Tesco Plc if they will hire people based on their performance and not on their culture or religions. Emerson and Murphy (2014) further suggest that managing authorities of the concerned organization must have to rate their qualification according to their achievements and their quality of their work and provide them appropriate career opportunities. Diversity management also focuses on how the authorities treat complaints of favoritism or discrimination in the workplace and take actions to overcome the adversity of the discrimination (Trax et al. 2015). Importance of workforce diversity Mutual Respect Workforce diversity fosters the nature of respecting the other personnel and the differences in their work styles and the cultural differences from where they belong. Wrench (2014) also depicts that employeesrecognize the strengths and talents of their colleagues and sometimes they can get the optimal solution to accomplish their job role. Business Reputation Peretz et al. (2015.) mentioned that if an organization values the people working for them, they will serve their best for the organizations productivity. Valuing the cultural diversity of their employees and then formulated organizational policies according to that will attract new candidates to get associated with Tesco Plc. Kirton and Greene (2015) also enlighten on the fact that business reputations flourish when a company shows their respect for other cultures and people other than their native employees through their aggressive outreach and recruiting efforts. Increased Exposure According to the viewpoint of Colbert et al. (2016), diverse workforce attains the exposure of the cultures and backgrounds of the employees. Martin (2014) also affirms that every employee possesses different ability and experience and traditional generation workers can learn new technologies and their functionalities from the tech-savvy millennial generation employee whereas the contemporary workers will learn about the traditional approach to accomplishing the job they have to complete. Conflict Resolution Richard et al. (2013) mentions that employee who acknowledges the cultural differences between the colleagues are also able to analyze the common point of concern between them. Tesco Plc give importance to a diverse workforce as it makes the employees learn about respecting other members and reduces the likelihood of conflict. Bakar and McCann (2014) further illustrates that workplace diversity preserves the quality of employees relationships and improves the interpersonal relationship among them. Job Promotion According to Guerrero (2013), employees with diverse language skills have the ability to communicate with multicultural people and they can perform well in foreign regions if the organization plans to outsource their business sin other regions. As a result, if an organization desires to reach markets in foreign countries, efficient employees will not only get a chance of promotion to represent their organization in the foreign country, but they also get an opportunity for their career development by finding new and challenging career opportunities (Wanrooy et al. 2013). In addition to that, Kim et al. (2015) illustrates that these employees will be more interested in learning multinational business strategies for the betterment of that organization. Challenge faced by manager in managing diverse workforce Discrimination Marchiondo et al. (2015) portrays that manager have other responsibility to fulfill and thus they often do not have proper time to analyze every person and their behavior in the workplace. Some people discriminate other on religion basis and force them to change their religion that is against of any organizational policy. Barak (2013) illustrates that offensive behavior at work, lack of respect and ignorance, bias in recruitment or promotion and denial of a business license are some of the problems faced by the employee in an organization that a multicultural people faced. Employment terms and conditions Some legislation in UK recognitions protects employees against discrimination based on their religious and cultural beliefs, age, gender and educational qualification. The Equality Act 2010 though assure that everyone should get a job based on their quality but some organization illegally hire some people in less salary that is a major challenge for a manager to look after (Davies 2015). For instance, child labor sand women labor are two different cases where some organization ask them to work extra at a cost of little money. Moreover, Clucas (2012) also depicts that according to Discrimination Act 1995 and Race Relations Act 1976, employee are free from any discrimination however employee themselves do not accept these people which lead to the state of isolation in them that reduces their performance and forces them to resign from their jobs. Poor Communication In a diverse workforce, numerous people belong from different culture and religion and understand different language. Hynes (2015) depicts that it is not possible for a manager to communicate with every person in their known language and hence there is a communication gap between those diverse people and the manager that results in misunderstanding. In order to overcome this adversity, Moran et al. (2014) suggests that managers should encourage their staffs to learn about theircoworkers and communication methods. This can be done through informal gathering and unofficial meetings where employees can share their experience and perception with other. Employee Retention/Resistance Another managerial problem that the manager is facing in a diverse workplace is random resignation of employees from the organization (Guerrero 2013). Kirton and Greene (2015) depicts that individuals who do not consider the diversity plan are the biggest challenge for the managers, as they will never follow the regulations and possess a negative attitude that slows down positive change and decreases productivity. Disorganization Parrotta et al. (2012) enlightens that implementation of diverse workforce in the workplace is crucial otherwise a well-communicated working environment cannot be obtained. Saxena (2014) mentions that managers must have to communicate the diversity plan with the staff through meetings and diversity conferences. However, some employee do not agrees with the terms and policies an origination adopts and this results in conflicts between them, which degrades the productivity and work quality. Proper training According to Bond and Haynes (2014), it is difficult for a manager to take effective steps to train their employees. In a diverse workplace where many people are from diverse culture cannot act in a same way through a common training program. Widiss (2013) on the other hand suggested that a customized training programs can work in such scenario, where the training program will make them learn how to communicate and cooperate in the workplace. Discussion and analysis In this business report, Tesco Plc, which is one of the largest retail industries in the world and the leading retail organization in UK, is considered. In this section, the application and practical implementation of theory will be discussed that is undertaken by Tesco Plc. Regular monitoring of the diversity plan The monitoring of the plan for the workforce diversity initiates from the time when a candidate apply for employment in their career section of the web-portal. Standifer et al. (2013) demonstrates that Tesco Plc is registered with the Equality Commission in Northern Ireland and analyzes the community background of the job applicants and colleagues on an annual basis. Furthermore, Patrick and Kumar (2012) also highlight that Tesco promotes fair participation between the Protestant and Roman Catholic communities. Proper training to employees Bezrukova et al. (2012) illustrates that every year Tesco Plc recruits many employee across the world for their organization so that they can serve the customers with best possible services and understanding. In such circumstance, Kalinoski et al. (2013) depicts that Tesco provides training regarding employment policies and practices to their employees every three years so that they can behave ethically with the people belongs to diverse culture. Equal chance to disabled people According to Roulstone and Williams (2014), Tesco provide equal opportunity to their disables employees and makereasonable adjustments so that their process remains fair. Tesco also provides training and development programs to their special employees so that they can match up the working ability of other employees. In addition to that, Dwertmann and Boehm (2016) also demonstrate that Tesco hires women employee to illustrate their organizational policy that supports women employment. Appropriate action against the one who discriminates other Tesco Plc never considers any form of harassment or discriminationagainst any employee. Richard et al. (2013) illustrates that the managing authorities of Tesco Plc investigates about the persons background if any report will be filed against a person for harassing someone. The concerned organization takes proper disciplinary actionagainst the person that could result in the dismissal with or without notice. Training and education programs Colbert et al. (2016) mentions that effective training will help employee to build skills and value the diversity they have in their workplace. The training programs helps the employee to understand that they can learn a lot from the people who have experience more than them and the working approaches through which the organizational goals can be achieved in a optimal way. Malewar and Nair (2013) also demonstrated that this training program is effective in making the people understand who belong from diverse culture about the communication approach with their colleagues and about their business policies. Diversity Committee Garnero et al. (2014) mentioned that Tesco has formulated a special diversity committee for accomplishing the goals of diversity plans. The primary reason for formulating this diversity committee is to analyze whether the diversity programs aligned with strategic plans. Jonsen et al. (2013) illustrates that this Committee featured speakers that are either the leaders or the employee who speaks their experience and their cultural importance and how they can implement the working approach in their culture for better outcome. Tesco Plc also emphasizes on diversity workshops, mentoring and community outreach programs for supporting the diverse culture in their workplace. Conclusion In this business report, the challenges faced by a manager of an organization in the workplace are considered. The assignment also enlightens the effective diversity management in the workplace so that the organization can achieve their business objectives by valuing their cultural and traditional belief and respecting their age, gender and qualification differences. Tesco Plc is the organization that is taken for this assignment which is a leading retail industry that serves thousands of customers every day with efficiency. Discrimination against the employees is the main reason for the poor performance of the employees in the workplace. Moreover, proper management of employment terms and conditions are also a big challenge for the managers as the employees must have to follow the policies provide by the organization. In addition to that, as people belong from diverse culture there is a high chance of poor communication among them as these employees are unable to understand their languages and culture. Providing proper training to the employee regarding the workforce diversity plan is another challenge that is faced by the managers in the workplace and can be overcome by regular monitoring of the diversity program so that all the activities in the workplace can be accomplished. The manager can resolve the diversity issues in the workplace by offering equal chance to disabled people and minority group and take appropriate action against the one who discriminates other against the organizational policies. Furthermore, training and education programs and formulation of diversity committee are also crucial aspect through which the workforce diversity can be managed. Recommendations Regular assessment of diversity in the workplace Assessing and evaluating the diversity process is an integral part of a management system within an organization. Thus, it is crucial to scrutinize the diversity plan in the workplace and monitor whether every employee follow the diversity plan at a regular interval of time. Development of diversity program It is also important to develop the existing plan according to the changing requirement and demands of the employee. Every year there are so many recruitments in Tesco and hence it is an obligatory approach to develop the plan. Training programs should be updated from time to time so that the employees can communicate well with their multicultural colleges. Attitude of openness in the workplace The managing authorities of Tesco should communicate with each employee and should learn about the problems their employees are facing in term of discrimination. In this way, the perceptual, cultural and language barriers can be overcome and the employees feel free to trust their authorities that will motivate them to work for Tesco Plc. Promote diversity Tesco Plc. should take initiatives for promoting their cultural diversity in society. They can publish regular articles in newspapers or sponsor their products in cultural activities from their culturally diverse employee. In this ways, not only they can accomplish voluntary work but also they ca enhance their corporate social responsibility activities that will help Tesco Plc to gain reputation in the community. Recognition The manager of Tesco Plc should enjoy the difference among the culture and tradition among their workplace and welcome their knowledge and consider this as a valuable experience. The existing employee must encourage them to represent their culture's etiquette practicesand everyone should treat them fairly by providing them job responsibility according to their ability and offer desired promotions and recognition in the workplace. Customizable employee satisfaction survey A customizable employee satisfaction survey can represent the exact requirement that is included in the diversity plan. In this way, the managing authorities can assure that everyones perception is being taken into consideration in the development of the diversity plan. Reference List Bakar, H.A. and McCann, R.M., 2014. Matters of demographic similarity and dissimilarity in supervisorsubordinate relationships and workplace attitudes.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,41, pp.1-16. Barak, M.E.M., 2013.Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Bezrukova, K., Jehn, K.A. and Spell, C.S., 2012. Reviewing diversity training: Where we have been and where we should go.Academy of Management Learning Education,11(2), pp.207-227. Bond, M.A. and Haynes, M.C., 2014. Workplace diversity: A socialecological framework and policy implications.Social Issues and Policy Review,8(1), pp.167-201. Byrd, M.Y. and Scott, C.L. eds., 2014.Diversity in the workforce: Current issues and emerging trends. Routledge. Clucas, R., 2012. Religion, sexual orientation and the Equality Act 2010: Gay bishops in the Church of England negotiating rights against discrimination.Sociology,46(5), pp.936-950. Colbert, A., Yee, N. and George, G., 2016. The Digital Workforce and the Workplace of the Future.Academy of Management Journal,59(3), pp.731-739. Council, W.C., 2012. The Equality Act 2010. Davies, C., 2015. Positive Action under the Equality Act 2010 and the implications of the Public Sector Equality Duty for positive action in the UK.Green's Employment Law Bulletin. Dwertmann, D.J. and Boehm, S.A., 2016. Status matters: The asymmetric effects of supervisorsubordinate disability incongruence and climate for inclusion.Academy of Management Journal,59(1), pp.44-64. Emerson, K.T. and Murphy, M.C., 2014. Identity threat at work: How social identity threat and situational cues contribute to racial and ethnic disparities in the workplace.Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology,20(4), p.508. Garnero, A., Kampelmann, S. and Rycx, F., 2014. The heterogeneous effects of workforce diversity on productivity, wages, and profits.Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society,53(3), pp.430-477. Guerrero, E.G., 2013. Workforce diversity in outpatient substance abuse treatment: The role of leaders' characteristics.Journal of substance abuse treatment,44(2), pp.208-215. Harvey, C.P. and Allard, M., 2015.Understanding and managing diversity. Pearson. Hynes, G.E., 2015.Managerial communication: Strategies and applications. SAGE Publications. Jonsen, K., Tatli, A., Ozbilgin, M.F. and Bell, M.P., 2013. The tragedy of the uncommons: Reframing workforce diversity.Human Relations,66(2), pp.271-294. Kalinoski, Z.T., Steeleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Johnson, D., Peyton, E.J., Leas, K.A., Steinke, J. and Bowling, N.A., 2013. A metaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ analytic evaluation of diversity training outcomes.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(8), pp.1076-1104. Kim, H.K., Lee, U.H. and Kim, Y.H., 2015. The effect of workplace diversity management in a highly male-dominated culture.Career Development International,20(3), pp.259-272. Kinyanjui, S., 2013. Innovative Strategies for Managing Workforce Diversity in Kenyan Leading Corporations in Present Global Scenario.International Journal of Business and Management,8(15), p.20. Kirton, G. and Greene, A.M., 2015.The dynamics of managing diversity: A critical approach. Routledge. Malewar, S. and Nair, P., 2013. WORKFORCE DIVERSITY: A STRENGTH OR A CONFLICT?.Education,8, p.11. Marchiondo, L., Ran, S. and Cortina, L., 2015. Modern discrimination. InThe Oxford Handbook of Workplace Discrimination. Martin Alcazar, F., Miguel Romero Fernndez, P. and Snchez Gardey, G., 2013. Workforce diversity in strategic human resource management models: A critical review of the literature and implications for future research.Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal,20(1), pp.39-49. Martin, G.C., 2014. The effects of cultural diversity in the workplace.Journal of Diversity Management (Online),9(2), p.89. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Okoro, E.A. and Washington, M.C., 2012. Workforce diversity and organizational communication: Analysis of human capital performance and productivity.Journal of Diversity Management (Online),7(1), p.57. Parrotta, P., Pozzoli, D. and Pytlikova, M., 2012. Does labor diversity affect firm productivity?. Peretz, H., Levi, A. and Fried, Y., 2015. Organizational diversity programs across cultures: effects on absenteeism, turnover, performance and innovation.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,26(6), pp.875-903. Podsiadlowski, A., Grschke, D., Kogler, M., Springer, C. and Van Der Zee, K., 2013. Managing a culturally diverse workforce: Diversity perspectives in organizations.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,37(2), pp.159-175. Richard, O.C., Roh, H. and Pieper, J.R., 2013. The link between diversity and equality management practice bundles and racial diversity in the managerial ranks: Does firm size matter?.Human Resource Management,52(2), pp.215-242. Roulstone, A. and Williams, J., 2014. Being disabled, being a manager:glass partitions and conditional identities in the contemporary workplace.Disability Society,29(1), pp.16-29. Ryan, A.M. and Wessel, J.L., 2015. Implications of a changing workforce and workplace for justice perceptions and expectations.Human Resource Management Review,25(2), pp.162-175. Saxena, A., 2014. Workforce diversity: a key to improve productivity.Procedia Economics and Finance,11, pp.76-85. Standifer, R.L., Lester, S.W., Schultz, N.J. and Windsor, J.M., 2013. How age similarity preference, uncertainty, and workplace challenges affect conflict.human relations, p.0018726713482012. Tesco plc. (2016).Tesco PLC. [online] Available at: https://www.tescoplc.com/ [Accessed 6 Aug. 2016]. Trax, M., Brunow, S. and Suedekum, J., 2015. Cultural diversity and plant-level productivity.Regional Science and Urban Economics,53, pp.85-96. Truxillo, D.M., Cadiz, D.M. and Hammer, L.B., 2015. Supporting the aging workforce: A review and recommendations for workplace intervention research.Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav.,2(1), pp.351-381. Wambui, T.W., Wangombe, J.G., Muthura, M.W., Kamau, A.W. and Jackson, S.M., 2013. Managing Workplace Diversity: A Kenyan Pespective.International Journal of Business and Social Science,4(16). Wanrooy, B.V., Bewley, H., Bryson, A., Forth, J., Freeth, S., Stokes, L. and Wood, S., 2013. The 2011 workplace employment relations study: First findings. Widiss, D.A., 2013. Gilbert Redux: The Interaction of the Pregnancy Discrimination Act and the Amended Americans with Disabilities Act. Wrench, J., 2014. Diversity management.Routledge International Handbook of Diversity Studies, p.254.

Best video Games of 2018

Best video Games of 2018 If you are a little bored with the previous releases and search for something new, we have gathered this selection for you. For sure, you can try everything yourself and find what suits your requirements. However, we have considered feedback from numerous users and offer you a list of the most remarkable games, which were released this year. Celeste This is a platform game developed by the Canadian programmer. The game was released at the beginning of the year and already has numerous fans. Here the gamer controls a girl called Madeline, who is climbing the mountains and tries to avoid numerous obstacles on her way. Celeste is following the girls, who will be required to overcome a lot of difficulties. The mountain in the game is the imaginary place in Canada. The game seems to be nothing special at first sight, but in fact, it thrills the gamers a lot. Dark Souls Remastered This role-playing game is a new improved edition of the famous Dark Souls. The graphic is great and catching, and the game is very challenging. Here you need to have an excellent reaction and quick fingers since everyone wants your death. Those who search for bright emotions and adrenalin will love this game. Florence This interactive novel was issued by the Australian developer on the Valentine’s Day. It was made on purpose since the story tells about the girl Florence and her romantic story of love. The girl is 25 years old, she meets a guy Kreesh and they fall in love with each other. Gamers can follow their story of love, solve puzzles and proceed with observing further relationships of a young couple. God of War This action adventure is for those who like history and mythology. It is about the journey of the god Kratos and his son. While traveling they had to fight with other gods and with numerous mythical creatures. The adventure of Kratos will absorb you within a few minutes; being violent it is still touching and exciting. Iconoclasts This is a 2D platform game. It offers an interesting mixture of fighting, solving puzzles and exploration. The plot of the game presupposes different levels, which the player should pass. The main character is Robin, but there are also other characters, they join the game only sometimes to help in the battle, etc. Robin collects different tools, which have various options. This game is clever, catching and is admired by numerous fans. Into the Breach The plot of this turn-based strategy consists in fighting of human armies with giant monsters. The gamer controls the soldiers and various mechanisms that can be equipped with armors and weapons. Work out the strategy and fight for humanity in this really awesome game. Monster Hunter World It is an action role-playing game, which has absorbed millions of users in the whole world. A gamer takes the role of the Hunter, who needs to follow the monster and kill it or trap. It may seem intimidating at once, but in fact will become your favorite game for a long period. Hunters can search for monster alone or they can hunt together with other hunters, which is possible due to online services. So if you are searching for a game to play with your friends, this option can be just what you need. Ni no Kuni 2 This pleasant and charming Japanese role-playing game is about a king, whose aim is to build the kingdom. The king is a boy with cat ears called Evan. In the game you will have to participate in the battles, solve puzzles and explore the world. The game is distinguished by the absence of violence and gun-centric plot. Pillars of Eternity 2: Deadfire This role-playing game includes a huge world created by the real experts in games development. From the first sight, it seems just a classic within its genre, but it will astonish you with the great script. You are offered thrilling 50 hours of the story, pirates, bright strategy battles and many other things. No doubt, the game is beautiful and absorbing. Shadow of the Colossus Japanese action-adventure game displays the adventures of the young man called Wander. He must travel through the forbidden land and experience a lot of adventures in order to reach his goal, which is to resurrect girl Mono. The game hardly leaves someone indifferent. Yakuza 6 Enjoy adventures and feel danger of the criminal life of the virtual Tokyo while playing the final edition of the gangster saga. The fans of the previous game chapters would hardly miss this game, besides the final of this story offers to be something really special.

Amorite Empire essays

Amorite Empire essays The Amorite Empire was from 2000 1595 BC. The Amorites resided in the area of Sumeria. Babylon was still the capital of the Amorite Empire during there time of survival. The contributions that the Amorites gave to the path of history where very extensive. They contributed dearly to base educational aspects such as literature and mathematics. They first developed multiplication and exponents, these aided in mercantile and sales transactions. This was the first development of math skills where aided in the understanding of language and written language. This helped to create systems of understanding and recording aspects of trade and then helping to better advance civilization. With this understanding the Amorites also had created the Code of Hammurabi. There King who set these laws up did so in pursuit for justice. These early developed form of rules and laws set forth a standard in how justice would be laid out. These also showed many early forms of government rule and c ontrol of laws and political standing. The code of Hammurabi was one of the most important documents in Babylon history. It was adopted from many Sumerian customs that had been around for a while before the Babylonians. Though many of the Laws were adopted from Sumeria they were published by Hammurabi and thus known as the code of Hammurabi. This code had four main parts to it. They were: Civil Laws, Commercial Laws, Penal Laws, and the Law of procedures. The Civil Law was an important one to the people. It set up a social class system based on a hierarchy based on wealth. The Babylonians had three classes according to the code. They were the freeman or wealthy people, the semi- freeman who were able to become slaves at any time, and the slaves who were of course the lowest class. The next section in the code was the Commercial Law. This had to do with business transactions and most things relating to business. It set up 20% intere ...

Over sharing of information on social networks Research Paper

Over sharing of information on social networks - Research Paper Example However, a vast majority of the social media users have resorted to sharing too much information that may compromises their integrity (Solomon 111). In essence, oversharing of information is a major problem in most networking sites, especially those with largely unregulated policies. In this regard, many people tend to share inappropriate content or too much personal information in on the social networks and this amount to oversharing of information in such platforms (MOAC 28). This paper therefore, examines the current trends, contributing factors, and impacts of oversharing of information on social networks. Essentially, social media include all the sites in the internet that enable free interaction of people from different parts of the world. In such interaction, people can easily share multimedia files such as videos, images, and texts (Rasquinha). The use of social media enhances communication in a number of aspects. For instance, people can be able to chat online via the social networking sites besides having the option of doing online business. Initially, most people had the perception that social media was a tool that only friends and peers could use to interact especially in various situations (Solomon 111). Nonetheless, the mushrooming of various social networking sites, especially in the 21st century, has seen more individuals, corporates, and organization embrace the use of social media fully. One reason attributed to this is that one is able to reach and communicate to a large audience via social networking sites that in any other channel. The main social networking sites inc lude Facebook, twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn, You tube, Blogger, MySpace, and Flickr (Mergel 87). Although the main use of social networking sites is social interaction, as the name suggests, the integration of various services in such sites has attracted a number of specialized clientele over the years (Rasquinha). In turn, this scenario has

Essay questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Questions - Essay Example Tamim was a woman who was thought to have transgressed the limits placed on women by the Egyptian society’s norms and values. According to the norms and values of the Egyptian society, women are naà ¯ve and are not able to make intelligent and informed decisions. Therefore, Egyptian women think that Ms. Tamim must have raged Moustapha with her acts to the point where he had no option but to have her killed. They think that had Ms. Tamim respected the societal expectations with her role as a woman, she would have had a better fate. The incident described in the article connects with the stereotypes of women in the region since it reveals the philosophy of the Egyptian society, that includes the philosophy of men about the role of women in the society in general and the philosophy of women about women’s role in the society in particular. Ms. Tamim was considered to deserve her fate because she belonged to a profession and had a kind of lifestyle that the vast majority of the society disapproved of. Everything from her relationships to her dressing was controversial given the Egyptian society expects women to be dressed modestly, and be submissive toward their husbands. Yes, honor does enter into why Moustapha had Ms. Tamim killed. Moustapha is considered honorable because he has lived up to the society’s ideal expectations. The Egyptian society’s ideal expectations from men include but are not limited to being rich, having a family and children, and having power and influence in the society. Sources of honor in the Egyptian society include having good family reputation and being wealthy. Since Moustapha has both, he is deemed honorable in the Egyptian society and is thus trusted for having a sound reason to have Ms. Tamim killed. The reduced sentence of Moustapha indicates the being a man is to a large extent reason enough to cause any harm to a woman in the Egyptian society. Factors like being powerful, rich, and

The Business Proposal on ArabTV.com Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Business Proposal on ArabTV.com - Essay Example A significant number of people today use the internet to help them meet several needs such as shopping, employment chances, meeting their social needs, as well as for entertainment purposes such as watching movies or watching their favorite TV shows (Lescher 2008, p. 56). Consequently, creating a website that enables people to watch their favorite Arabic movies and TV shows is quite a great business idea because it is aimed at making the lives of people easier as they will be able to satisfy their entertainment needs through online. The uniqueness of this service is that it will enable clients to watch only the high quality Arabic television shows and movies right on their computer. And the most important and good thing concerning this service is that consumers have the chance of getting the quality programming and Arabic movies that will be appropriate for every person either within a family set up or as a group of friends. Furthermore, another unique or the difference of this servi ces is that, unlike the normal TV tuning, these Arabic channels will provide viewers the specific shows that they want to have and convert them right on their desktop. This website will ensure that it meets the various needs of the people ranging from entertainment channels, educational Arabic TV channels, Arabic music, programs on Arabic TV programs on home improvement, as well as relevant business programs for business people. The website also aims at providing several channels that show Arabic movies. This implies that a person may have a complete day of movie marathon particularly if he or she is a movie enthusiast who is presently on a day off and just desire to relax watching movies especially Arabic movies without renting DVDs. Generally, creating a website for Arabic movies and TV shows will provide consumers with all the television shows and movies that they want and even set up for their preference. As long as they choose this website, they will get the best providers for better value in terms of service and features (Strangelove 2010, p. 45). This will ensure consumers high quality Arabic movies and TV shows experience for a long period of time. With this service in place, a considerable number of problems will be solved. For instance, it will promote the lives of those people without televisions in their homes to enjoy Arabic television shows online. It will also simplify and help people save time in the process of searching for a place to rent DVDs containing Arabic movies, as well as save on the money spend on renting those movies. This is because as long as a person is able to access the internet, he or she will be in a better position to watch any Arabic television show of his choice, as well as enjoy his favorite Arabic movies at any time and at a favorable cost. It will also be advantageous particularly to those individuals who have membership cards with the website as they will be able to watch quality Arabic movies and TV shows all time onc e they pay their membership fee, which are quite affordable. In order for this proposal on creating a website to be accomplished successfully, there is need of employing different technologies such as standardized mark up that could either be hand coded or produced by editing software. Proprietary software founded on

Biological Basis of Learning, Memory and Motivation

Biological Basis of Learning, Memory and Motivation Human beings are animal. In this world there are lots of animals but human have some special qualities that are why we are the most complex social structure on earth. We live in society there are included family, tribes, clans, nations. We have an incredibly sophisticated method of interacting speech. We can communicate over time and distance through printing and broadcasting. We have longest memories. We have an interaction which is most intricate; we have perception which is show the world simultaneously the broadest and most detailed. The combination of our biology and society is making as what we are and what we do. Any kind of responses are stimuli by our biology guides, which is based on thousands of generations of ancestors surviving because of their responses. On the other hand, our social structures dictate restriction on and alterations in how we carry out our biological responses. As a human being not only I and also all of us have some basic biological work done such as- learning, memory, motivation, emotion, perception, etc. Those biological works helps us to live perfectly in our society. That’s why it’s very much important to know how biological organs are control our major skills, movement and behavior. In this assignment I discuss the major parts of biological basis of our learning, memory and motivation which is contributes our behaviors. Biological Basis of Learning:- We know that learning is a process of relatively permanent changes in behavior brought about by experience. Its means that any type of behavior can changes by using learning. Learning is a long term process. All learning process are not show instantly, sometimes it shows long time later. But learning process can run from birth to death. All biological activities are run by the command of brain which is the basic part of our body. In the brain there are some specific parts of specific organs those are drive our basis activities. Learning process is the same activate which is control by brain. Brain has three major organization those are – fore brain, mid brain, hind brain. In fore brain there is an important part is cerebrum which is valuable organ in our body. Cerebrum has some fixed function such as:- Sensory area: it’s control somato sensory area, visual area, auditory area those are very important for learning process. Because learning are related this three parts. If one part are not support properly then learning process are back. Visual area is located back side of this area. Auditory area is located lower side of cerebrum. Most valuable part of this area is visual and auditory because learning is more depend these two parts. Association area: association is a very important works for cerebrum that is association other complex work. This area are control our learning, thoughts, memory, etc. Learning related area: this area contact the stimulus-stimulus association and stimulus-reactions associations for the brain cover. Others creative work has done this area such as inventive learning, thoughts, work, abstract imagine etc have done this part. Thalamus: the part of the brain located in the middle of the central core that acts primarily to relay information about the senses. Especially the eye, ear and skin collected information and carry to brain who distribute those different parts of the body. That’s why learning process are damage if thalamus has damages. Mid Brain: it has tactum who involved our auditory and sensory process. In those processes are important for our learning system. Cerebellum: it is found just above the medulla and behind the Pons. It is control our bodily balances. So that if this system are flailed then our speech, writing process are hampered. All thought our learning process are also hampered. Limbic system: This system is also included our learning. Neurotransmitters: this is most important part of learning because it conveys messages across the synapse to the dendrite (sometimes the cell body) of a receiver neuron. So that if it works will fail then the process of learning will also fail. Biological Basis of Memory:- We know that memory is the process by which we encode, store and retrieve information. This process can explain imagine the keyboard of a computer is a encoding (initial recording of information), then the cpu of computer is a storage (information saved for future use) and the monitor of computer is the retrieval (recovery of stored information). Usually memory can explain this short way memory = learning – forgetting. So we say that memory is also run by our biological basis help. Brain is the main tool which provides information. In brain there is a fixed part of memory. Now I describe those:- Hippocampus: This part helps to storage any information in brain. That’s why it is closely involved to memory. If this part may be destroy then the memory is also destroy. Amygdale: It’s a part of limbic system, also plays a role in memory. The amygdale especially involved with memories involving emotion. Frontal lobe: This area is included motor area and Boca’s area which is involved to storage memory. Temporal lobe: This area is involved primary auditory area, wernicke’s area, auditory association area which is strongly related to memory. Occipital lobe: This area is involved are visual area and visual association area. We know that anything cans easily memories when we see it. So this part is an important to memory. Sensory area: This area is overall related the memory process. Association area: One of the major regions of the cerebral cortex. This side is produce higher mental process such as thought, language, memory and speech. Biological Basis of Motivation:- Motivation the factors that and energize the behavior of humans and other organizations. Motivation is also internal state or condition to our thoughts, feelings and actions. Basically motivation can crate many regions such as food, money, living good, social standers and etc. But when a human suffer a motive that time his/her body create some biological activities that’s why they needs motivation. So the reasons for biological basis of motivation are- Hypothalamus: This is a small part of brain which is strongly involved to motivation. Amygdale: This is also change the level of motivation. If it can be surgery then the behavior can changes. Frontal lobe: This is also involved motivation of human behavior. Limbic system: Memory is also control by limbic system. It is situated under the cerebral cortex . Temporal lobe: Temporal lobe is also involved to control motivation. All the dictation of those three basic part of human behavior on the basis of biologically it clearly come that any kind of behaviors are fully depends of our internal process which is called biological process. So it is very important to know the main function of our biological organs. The learning, motivation and memory are our basic demand so it is necessary to know which organs is participation on those processes. If we have a rich knowledge about those processes then we can develop our self. References: Feldman Understanding Psychology 8th edition; McGraw-Hill. Psychology – Abu Bokar Siddeky 9th edition; Sahitokos, Dhaka. Psychology An Introduction – Lahey 9th edition Submitted by: Mir Sara Mehzabeen Ahmed; SL- 16; DECP-4 . Biological Basis of Learning, Memory and Motivation Biological Basis of Learning, Memory and Motivation Azharul Islam Introduction Psychologists have to gather specialized knowledge in considering the ways in which the biological structure and functions of the body affect behaviour. The biological processes are the essential part of human psychology. Our understanding of human behaviour cannot be complete without knowledge of the brain and others part of the nervous system. Biological factors are centrals to every sensory experience, states of consciousness, motivation and emotion, development through out the life span and physical and psychological health and wellbeing. Executive summary Biological bases influence the learning, memory, and motivation. The biological factors is very important because it is controlling our behaviour .We might not be able to understand behaviour without an understanding of our biological makeup. Objectives of the study: Basically this study aims to 1. Collect information on the situation of biological factors of our behaviour. 2. Explore ways how to improve the behavior. 3. The function of the neuron is fundamental biological aspects of the body. Findings Biological basis of learning Learning can be defined as a relatively permanent change in behaviour based on experience. Learning is the aspect of new things by using past experience. Many psychologists believe learning is based on the strengthening of the neural connections between stimuli and specific patterns of muscle movements, while others said that learning involvoves changes in cognition. The existence of biological constraints is consistent with assess mental discussion of behavior. Freshly there are making suitable by alternative benefits that promote survival for organism that rapidly learn or neglecte that certain behaviors. Such as, our ability to learning avoid touching hot surfaces increase our change in survival (barkow, and tooby 1992; terry, 2003). Neuclei areas are group of neurons forming structures with specific function. For example each of the different colour on our brain model represent and individual areas each with it own internal structure and function (Jeanette, J Norden Venderbilt university school and medicine). Telencephalon; consists of two cerebral hemispheres the outer covering of the hemespheres is called the cortex. The cortex is responsible for voluntary action or thought and for subjective experience. Mesencephalon; contain many small nuclei that are important to relexs, such as reflexs turning of the eyes toward the source of an objects or sound. Metencephalon: A structure that connect the cerebellum with the rest of the body and cerebellum that involved in learned skilled motor movement. The role of biological factors of learning has an example that discussed john and his associates. On one fateful evening, they ate eight hot dog. Two hour leter, they become more than just a little nauseated. As a result, it was many year until they ate another hot dog. This experience of learning to dislike hot dogs is an example of a learned taste aversion. (Garcia, Hankins and Rusiniak, 1974) Biological basis of memory Memory consists in remembering what has previously been learned .It would be better, however, to say that memory consists in learning, retaining and remembering what has previously been learned (psychology; Methuen and co. Ltd; London; 1964. Memory processes are distributed across the brain, relating to different information processing systems involve during the intitle exprosure to a stimulus. (Friedman and Donoghue 2000). A theory stated by Canadian researchar Donald Hebb (1949) is still considerd to provide a general model of the biological process responsible for memory (Jeffrey and Reid, 1997; Tsien, 2007). According to Hebb, each experience activates a unique pattern of neurons in the brain. This activities cause structural changes to occur in those neurons near the synaptic gaps that link them. To Hebb, these changes in the functioning of synapses in the brain, which he termed †synaptic facilition†, is the biological basis of memory. Many different brain areas play a role in memory. The cerebellum plays critical role in the timing execution of learned, skilled motor movement. Nuclei deep in the hemisphere called the basal ganglia are involves in motor programs. Many different areas of the brain contributes to attention, these include cortical areas of the reticular formation, all areas which contributes to alertness attention awareness. The hippocampus is a part of the brain limbic systems that plays a centrals role in the consolidation of memories.The hippocampus is an older cortical areas involve in multiple aspects of memory. The left hippocampus is more involve in the memory facts, epesodes and words. It is also responsibility for constructing. The right hippocampus is more involve in spatial memory.The hippocampus aims in the initial encoding of information that like akind of neurological e- mail system.(smith, 2000, wheeler, Petersen, and buckner 2000, Wilson; 2000). The results of research on the brains role in memory reveal two ways in which STM (short term memory) and LTM (long term memory). Firstly there is extensive evidence that physical changes in neural synapses are involved in LTM and but not in STM. And secondly there is evidence that different brain structures are involves in different ways in the three stage of memory. Biological basis of motivation Motivation:-motivation refers to the reasons why any behaviour occurs or specifically, to the forces or processes that initiate the behaviour, direct it , and contribute to its strength.(psychology , wadsworth publishing company; 1984; Eating behaviour is subject to homeostasis, as most people’s weight stays within a relatively stable range. The hypothalamus in the brain is central to the regulation of food intake. Acting as a kind of internal weight thermostat, the hypothalamus calls for either greater or less food intake (Capaldi, 1996; woods et al, 2000; Berthoud, 2000). Thirst is the biological process as like as drinking circuits .Drinking circuits is the association of tissue, body, and neuron with in nerve and cellus.It is associate with the hypothalamus deeply as like the other drinking circuits. (Thompson et. Al; 1980). Sex is the powerful biological motivation. The sex motivations easily understand the influence of sex hormone. It is related with the increase of age. Sex hornmone influence the body to create akind of presser for sex activies. This presser to be continued that time the sex activites is not complete. (Morgan, king. Weisz and schopler, 1993). Most of the motivation are based on the body’s need to maintain a certain level of essential elements; adequate sugar in the blood in the nourish cell , enough water in the body. This levels are regulated to homeostatic mechanism. These mechanism imbalance in the body and stimulate action that restore the proper balance. References Psychology; Methuen and co. Ltd; London; 1964 Friedman and Donoghue 2000). Smith, 2000, wheeler, Petersen, and buckner 2000, Wilson; 2000). Psychology , wadsworth publishing company; 1984; Capaldi, 1996; woods et al, 2000; Berthoud, 2000). Thompson et. Al;1980). Morgan, king. Weisz and schopler, 1993. Barkow, and Tooby 1992; terry, 2003. Garcia, Hankins and Rusiniak, 1974).

Lady Macbeth of Shakespeares Play, Macbeth Essay -- English Literatur

Lady Macbeth of Shakespeare's Play, Macbeth Lady Macbeth is the most interesting and complex character in Shakespeare's play, Macbeth. She is, in fact, the point on which the action pivots: without her there is no play. The purpose of this essay is to describe Lady Macbeth’s role in the play and discuss why this makes her the most fascinating character. Her evil doings are the main reasons why she dominates the plot so greatly. These include the following: considers Macbeth to be a wimp not wanting to murder; letting Macbeth fulfill her plan; taking control over Macbeth’s thoughts and actions; turning Macbeth from a loyal man to a greedy, coldhearted human being. Also Lady Macbeth’s transformation in character and her relationship with Macbeth contribute to her importance. Lady Macbeth satisfies her role among the high society and is well respected like her husband. The King of Scotland, King Duncan, calls her â€Å"our honoured hostess.† She shows great affection towards Macbeth but at the same time very ambitious, as shown by her reaction to the prophecies given to him. She immediately decides that â€Å"the fastest way† for Macbeth to become king is to murder King Duncan. When Lady Macbeth hears of the prophecies given to her husband her true character is exposed for the audience to see. Lady Macbeth persuades Macbeth to go and make the prophecy true that he will become king. Macbeth‘s thoughts on the prophecy before his wife’s intervention was that â€Å"If chance will hav...

Promote communication in health and social care Essay

1.1 Identify the different reasons people communicate: To share thoughts; To share information; To express feelings; To share ideas; To build relationships; To create effective communication; To gain reassurance and acknowledgment; see more:explain how individuals from different backgrounds may use communication methods in different ways. People communicate in order to establish and maintain relationships with others, to give and receive information and instructions, to understand and be understood, to share opinions, knowledge, feelings, and emotions, to give encouragement and show others they are valued. 1.2 Explain how communication affects relationship in the work setting: Communication is very important because without communication lots Of misunderstanding would happen. Communication is a fundamental relationship-building skill in the workplace. If people don’t communicate well they limit their ability to connect, can create conflict. Good communication skills are essential, because they help them to develop relationships and demonstrate that they care. Helps to build trust and relationships. Also it encourages participation, create equality, promote empathy and share understanding. 2.1 Observation 2.2 Describe the factors to consider when promoting effective communication. There are many factors to consider when trying promoting effective communication. There are some of them. Disabilities such as: Hearing loss, impaired vision, mobility problems or speech impairment. Environment: Environment is very important factor to consider as well. Ensure the lights, air, temperature, noise and crowd. 2.3 Observation 2.4 Observation 3.1 Explain how people from different backgrounds may use and/or interpret communication methods in different ways: Communication can be different when related with people from different backgrounds. Communication can be interpreted different ways depending of the person you are talking with. It can be because they don’t speak English, are from a different country or they may not understand you. Communication can be used in many ways by using different methods. Verbal language or non-verbal language such as: Touch Gestures Proximity Tone of voice Language used. People from different backgrounds can use communication by being confident. This shows their personality and will help the communication between them and others around. Different backgrounds of different people can cause misunderstandings when using communication. Therefore cause conflicts. It is important to understand that people who do come from different backgrounds may have different ways of communicating and they may even interpret the way others communicate unexpectedly different. 3.2 Identify barriers to effective communication There are many barriers for effective communication stereotyping is one. When an individual has a preconception about another individual, it makes it difficult for the individual not to see the other’s communication as a prejudice. Not understanding or being aware of an individual’s needs, wishes, beliefs, values and culture. Not making communication aids available or checking they are working A noisy environment A lack of privacy Not allowing sufficient time to listen. 3.3 Observation 3.4 Observation 3.5 Explain how to access extra support or services to enable individuals to communicate effectively: Looking for specialties organisations such as: GP Individual’s family/friends Social worker Specialist nurse Advocate Support groups 4.1 Explain the meaning of the term confidentiality: It means keep information private and safe. It can include that you would have to passing on private information with the permission individual’s permission or only passing on information without the individual’s permission to others, who have a right to it or need to know it. 4.2 Observation: 4.3 Describe the potential tension between maintaining an individual’s confidentiality and disclosing concerns: Breaching a confidence Not respecting the individual’s rights to privacy Putting the rights of others before those of the individual Safeguarding issues. http://www.ocr.org.uk/Images/80799-level-3-unit-pwcs-31-principles-of-communication-in-adult-social-care-settings.pdf http://www.studymode.com/essays/Barriers-To-Effective-Communication-77841.html

The Groden Center Essays - Providence Metropolitan Area, Free Essays

The Groden Center Essays - Providence Metropolitan Area, Free Essays The Groden Center The number of single-family building permits were the most this decade and represented a 14% increase over last year. There were 2,542 permits for new, single-family units pulled in Rhode Island last year, 312 more than in 1997. In an interview with Roger R. Warren, executive director of the Rhode Island Builders Association, he stated Residential construction is a fundamental indicator of Rhode Island's economic strength. These strong building permit figures are an assurance that the state's economy continues to grow. Although Johnston, Providence, and Scituate, experienced decreases in permits issued, many more towns have seen dramatic increases, as much as 48% in Coventry. There are several factors that help to explain this trend. General economic conditions such as interest rates affect whether people can afford new homes. Low interest rates, and an unemployment rate just under the national average have put new homes within reach for many people. Further, the average cost of homebuilding hasn't experienced more than a 12% increase in the last 10 years. These facts, together with increasing personal income adds on even more permits. Demographics have also had a significant impact on home purchases this decade. People tend to purchase their largest and most expensive homes during their 40s, near the peak of their earnings. The majority of the 80 million baby-boomers have reached their 40s during the 1990s and into the early part of the 21st century. At least two forces of change will affect management in the homebuilding industry as a result of these trends. Much of Rhode Island's undeveloped land is restricted, which will result in an eventual cap on building. Bryant College economist William B. Sweeney said; The increase in construction falls in line with other indicators of a strong economy ahead. But even if there are enough customers who want to purchase homes, Rhode Island may be getting max out. Wetlands make up a large portion of RI, precluding a lot of development. The other force of change occurs in communities where proposals have been made to establish fees which will increase the cost of new homes. Research has begun to determine the impact that each new home built has on a town's

Can You Retake AP Exams Expert Guide

Can You Retake AP Exams Expert Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Most AP tests are very challenging, and scores don't always turn out the way you imagined they would. If you're concerned that you've forfeited any chance of getting college credit, can you retake an AP exam?In this article, I'll show you how you can bounce back from a low AP score to end up with college credits and AP Scholar Awards. Can You Retake AP Exams If You Do Poorly? First off, can you retake an AP exam? The answer is yes! If you don’t do well on an AP exam, you can retake it the next time it’s offered the following May. However, you should consider this decision carefully before committing.If you score a 3 or above on an AP test, I wouldn’t recommend going for a retake unless you’re absolutely set on earning college credit for your work. Ultimately, your AP score will have minimal impact on your admission chances unless you’re applying to the most selective colleges with 1s and 2s. According to theCollege Board FAQ, "When we surveyed admission officers, more than 75 percent indicated that a low score on an AP Exam would NOT harm an applicant’s admission prospects"(emphasis mine).In other words, the grade you earn in the year-long AP class is more important than areyour AP score for admissions purposes. Retaking AP tests is expensive; it will cost you an extra $94!It's also a pretty big time commitment to take on additional studying on top of a full course load. Really think about whether it's worth it before you settle on your decision. If you still feel sure that you want to retake the exam, speak to your school’s AP Coordinator about registering.You cansign up through your school, just like you did the first time you took the test, except now your teacher won't be helping you through the process. It’s completely up to you to track down the coordinator and make arrangements to take the test. If you want to retake an AP test, you gotta shed the training wheels and ride your big-girl bike over to the guidance office. If you really want to impress them, ride a unicycle. Do Both AP Scores Show Up? Which One Counts for AP Scholar Awards? Your score report will include all your AP scores (including repeats of the same test) unless you choose to withhold or cancel scores.The difference between withholding and canceling scores is that when you cancel your score, it is permanently deleted, as if you never even took the test.There is no fee for canceling a score. Here's theScore Cancellation Formyou would need to send to the College Board. On the other hand, if you choose to withhold your AP score, it won’t be seen by colleges, but it will stay on record in case you want to send it later.It costs $10 per score to withhold scores from colleges that you originally indicated on your answer sheet.Here’s theScore Withholding Formyou’d need to send to the College Board. The deadline for both withholding and canceling AP scores for tests you took is June 15.If you miss the deadline, all your scores will be sent to the colleges you indicated on your answer sheet. If you choose to retake an AP test, only your highest score will count toward AP Scholar Awards, even if you don’t cancel or withhold your lower score.That means you don’t have to worry about your initial score ruining your chances at becoming an AP scholar if you show improvement on your second try. Never fear, you can still become a scholar with a sweet beard even if you get a low AP score the first time around. Study Tips for Retaking AP Exams Here are a few important tips to keep in mind as you prepare to retake an AP test. To be successful in improving your score, you'll need to assess your weaknesses critically and study strategically. #1: Understand Where You Went Wrong Last Time Your primary goal is to avoid repeating the mistakes you made on your first AP test.Think about why you did poorly and what you can do to prevent those pitfalls this time.Did you wait too long to start studying? Did you take unofficial practice tests that gave you an unrealistic idea of the test’s content or difficulty level? Did you rely completely on your class to carry you through the test and find your knowledge lacking?Whatever the case may be, do some reflection to figure out how you can fix these problems and redeem your score a second time around. You might consider tutoring if you think you did poorly because the subject as a whole was not your strong point or your teacher didn't do a good job of explaining the material.You could even ask one of your peers who did well on the test to give you some studying advice or tutor you on concepts you’re having trouble mastering on your own. #2: Get a High-Quality Review Book If you’re going to retake an AP test, you won’t be just finishing up a year of studying the subject in class. As a result, notes and study materials might not be as readily available to you, and it will be harder to structure your time without a teacher and class schedule to guide you. You should get a review book that covers all the concepts in the course thoroughly so that you have an easy way to study content, plan out your time, and do practice questions.Think of it as a lighter version of self-studying.Usually, Barron’s books are a good option for more in-depth surveys of AP courses. #3: Start Studying Early One of your problems the first time around might have been that you ended up waiting until the last minute to study.Cramming is a bad idea for AP testssince they cover so much information and expect you to answer questions that require high-level critical thinking. You won't do yourself any favors by skimming the surface. Start studying at least a couple of months before you take the test.Ideally, you should review concepts throughout the year so that your memory stays fresh and you have time to correct whatever issues you had with the material originally. You should also take plenty of practice tests so you can keep tabs on your performance and make sure you're improving. Be the early bird. Get out there and catch your AP worm. Summary: Can You Retake AP Exams? You can choose to retake an AP test when it’s offered again the following year.If you really need college credit or are concerned about how a low score will look on your application, you might consider this option. Assuming you retake an AP test and get a better score, that score will be the one that counts toward AP Scholar awards.You can even choose to withhold or cancel your lower score if you don’t want it to show up on your record. Taking an AP test a second time is an expensive commitment, so you should make sure you put some serious effort into studying for it.Try to learn from whatever problems you had the first time around, and avoid cramming or glossing over content areas you don’t quite understand. What's Next? Ideally, you'll get a high score on your test the first time around. To make sure that happens, read our five-step plan detailing the best way to study for AP exams. Practice tests are super important when preparing for AP exams. Learn more about where to find the best AP practice tests to use in your studying. It might be tough to take new AP classes on top of preparing for a retake. Find out how many AP classes you should take in high school and whether it's worth it to load up your schedule. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: